TRADER TERMINOLOGY


Bar - is an element of a quote chart that displays price movement for a certain time interval (timeframe). The bar shows such information.

Buy (from English Buy) - a transaction aimed at buying an exchange asset.

Buing - to play on the upside, to buy in, to open long positions.

Breakeven - the price level at which the available profit on an open position becomes equal to zero. The breakeven level is used to prevent a trade from going into a minus. For this purpose, protective orders are set there.

Bid - buy order (bid). 

Bitok - bitcoin

sidewallThe chart forms a so-called corridor. The chart forms a so-called corridor. Also see consolidation.

Bonds - Exchange traded bonds. 

BrokerA brokerage firm, a company - an intermediary between the stock exchange and a client. It is authorised to execute orders (orders) received from clients at the exchange. A broker takes a commission for his services.

Paper profit, "floating" profit - the amount that will become the actual (fixed) profit if the position is closed. While the position is open, the "paper profit" fluctuates - it may rise or fall.

Being in the market (have a position) - to open a trade but not close it.

Being out of the market (have no position) - have no open trades.

Bull - a market participant who is determined to drive up prices.

Bull market - market with a pronounced upward price trend.

Quotation currency (counter currency) - the currency that is second in the quote. A term from Forex. Example - USDJPY quote currency is the Japanese yen.

collapse - a sharp drop in market quotations.

Variation - variation margin.

blend in - to enter the market with a large order. 

The glass has been hit - the presence of an aggressive (proactive) party - a participant who sends orders "on the market" - is noticeable in the exchange stack.

Volatility - the property (ability) of a price to change easily or deviate from its established value. A volatile market is one in which there are significant extended price fluctuations. 

Enter the market - to open a position, to make a deal.

Intraday trading - a type of trading in which all transactions on the exchange take place within a single trading session. Positions can be held from a few minutes to several hours, and as a rule, they are never carried overnight. Traders who trade using this strategy are called intraday traders, intraday traders, intraday traders, day traders.

Second echelon - shares of small and medium-sized companies.

High-frequency trading (HFT - High Frequency Trading) is a type of trading in which fractions of a second pass between the opening and closing of a trade. As a rule, they take place exclusively with the use of trading robots. 

Go to cacheto jump out of the market - to close all open positions (deals). Sell everything that was bought (opened long). Cover everything that was sold (opened short).

Foot out - price movement, the purpose of which is seen as activation of protective stop orders.

Gap, gap. - (from the English word Gap - gap, gap, gap). Such a price change that creates a "gap" between bars on the chart. Gaps are very typical for the opening of the session on the stock market. Gaps are less frequent on Forex and futures, as these markets are open longer. Gaps can be up, or gaps can be down. 

Blue chips (from american exchange. jarg. "blue chips") - shares of well-known companies with an excellent reputation. Usually they have a long history and regularly pay dividends. The stock exchange term "blue chip" comes from the card game "poker", where the blue chip has the highest value.

Head - the figure of technical analysis "head and shoulders" (SHS - head and shoulders).

Graphic shapes, graphical patterns are various formations (e.g. triangle, wedge, flag), which are formed on the price chart. Graphical patterns are formed with the help of lines. Such patterns facilitate understanding of the market situation and allow building a plan of further actions under different scenarios. DAX (Deutsche Akzien Index, DAX) is one of the most important stock indices in Europe, it reflects the state of the German economy. The DAX includes shares of 30 largest companies - blue chips of Germany, forming the top list of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Among them are Adidas, BMW, Siemens, Deutsche Bank and others.

Down trend - a steady decline in price.

Down bar - a bar whose close is lower than the close of the previous bar (or than its open).

Driving - (slang) a strong trend, a period of increased volatility, usually on rising volumes.

Delta - the difference between buy and sell transactions.

demo account- a demo account for beginners with virtual money. Trading on a demo account, a novice trader can train, master the trading platform, test strategies without the risk of losing capital. Demo account service is provided by almost all brokers. As a rule, trading on a demo account is practically no different from real trading for money. 

Derivatives- derivative financial instruments. For example, SBER shares are the underlying instrument. Futures on Sberbank shares - derivative.

Discretionary trading - trading, in which transactions are made on the basis of subjective evaluation of the market. 

Day Trading, Day-trading, intraday trading, intraday trading, intraday trading - a type of trading in which transactions are concluded within one session - "from dawn to dusk". 

Day - chart with timeframe = 1 day.

Trader's Diary - An electronic or paper journal kept by a trader. It records stock exchange operations with prices; the reasons why they were made; important events, thoughts, ideas; and much more. A diary helps a trader to keep discipline, find and eliminate mistakes, better understand his psychology and his actions on the stock market. Why you should keep a trader's diary.

Divergence- divergence between the price and oscillator (indicator). If the price forms a new extremum, but the indicator does not show it, a divergence is formed. It means that the trend is "running out of steam", weakening.



Diversification - a way of mitigating risk. Simply put, it means "putting eggs in different baskets". Application of diversification implies distribution of capital between different exchange instruments. The expectation is that the profit on one asset will compensate for possible losses on another.

Dividends- (Latin dividendum - "that which is to be divided") - a part of the company's profit distributed among shareholders in accordance with the number and type of shares. The amount and procedure of dividend payment are determined by the shareholders' meeting. As a rule, news about the company's dividends is accompanied by a jump in the price of the respective share.

Dealing Centre - a legal entity, a non-banking office that provides services for transactions in the international currency market (Forex) and CFD (CFD) markets. Clients of such offices are usually novice speculators with small trading capital. They work on conditions of margin trading, apply "leverage". Transactions made through the dealing centre, as a rule, do not go to the official stock exchange. And clients of such centres trade either against other clients or against the centre itself.

Distribution (distribution) - the stage of the market when a major player closes a long position at market highs, selling the previously purchased asset to the "crowd".

Admission - the difference between the stop price and the price in the stop order. For example, when a trader sets a protective stop loss and specifies the price at which this stop order will be activated, it does not mean that the order will be executed at the activation price. The difference between these prices is the tolerance.

Fill it up - build up a profitable position with the expectation of trend continuation and further profit growth.

Drowdown - account drawdown, paper loss. It is formed when the price goes against an existing position.

Eurobond - is a bond that is issued in a foreign currency. In essence, it is a debt obligation, it has an expiry date. Long-term Eurobonds are issued for a term of 40 years or more. There is also a distinction between medium-term Eurobonds - more than 10 years and short-term Eurobonds - from 1 to 5 years. 

Transaction Journal - detailed statistics of trading operations. A similar term is a trader's diary. The journal records - how much was bought/sold, at what price. What is the result. The journal helps to analyse trading actions, identify and correct errors in strategy and psychology. ATAS has trade statistics, which is kept automatically. To drive up the price - the price increase is usually artificial.

Close the position-- close a transaction, close out - an action when previously bought shares are sold (long) or previously sold shares are bought (short). When closing a position, securities are exchanged for cash ("cash out").

stock up - buy in large amounts before a strong move.

Lock, get in lockdown - see lockdown.

Capture profits (or loss) - to close the existing position (transaction). In this case, the "paper" profit (or loss) becomes actual. 

Protective orders - limit exchange orders (orders, bids) used, as a rule, to protect an open position from undesirable losses in case of unfavourable development of the situation. More commonly known as stop losses. They are also used to protect "paper profit" (see trading stop).

Capturing liquidity - building a position due to the flow of counter orders. For example, a large player uses a surge of panic sell orders to accumulate a long position.

Order - the same as "orders", "orders". These are instructions that a trader sends to a broker for execution on the exchange. An example of an order is "buy immediately". Or "sell YY contracts when the price rises to the level of XX dollars". All exchange orders are standardised. Each order contains all necessary information such as expiry date, amount of money, price levels, conditions of its execution. 

Investments- is an activity aimed at preservation and multiplication of capital. Usually, investments mean investments in stock markets (purchase of shares, bonds). Investment investments are made for a long period of time - from 1 year.

Insiders - market participants who have relevant information that is not available to the majority. This information (insider) can influence the price of exchange instruments. Therefore, knowledge of the insider (for example, information about unpublished statements) gives a competitive advantage in the market.

Intraday - see intraday trading.

Intradater - a trader who trades intraday, see "intraday trading". "intraday trading". 

Index - financial indicator. It is a generalised and averaged price of all financial instruments, which are included in its calculation base, according to a special formula. The index reflects the market dynamics (stock market, bond market, etc.). 

Indicator-- indicator is one of the tools for working with a chart. Often indicators recalculate data and convert it into a convenient form. There are classic ones (such as MACD, RSI) as well as modern developments. The purpose of indicators is to help analyse the market, find entry and exit points.

Channel- a range (or an area on the chart) bounded by two parallel lines, within which price movement (trend) takes place. It is also called a trend channel. Channels can be ascending (bullish trend) and descending (bearish trend).

Capitalisation - the value of a publicly traded company calculated by its share price. Company capitalisation = number of shares * current share price

Calls (call) - call options. 

Komsa - commission. "Crypto has high commissions" = cryptocurrency exchanges have inflated commissions.

Convergence- is literally "convergence". This is the movement of the price of the futures contract towards the spot price of the underlying instrument as the expiry date approaches. This means that on the last day of the futures contract's life, the price of the futures contract and the price of the underlying commodity will be almost equal. The two prices should converge. If there is no convergence, there is a prospect for arbitrage. 

Consolidation- market "calms down" and the price forms decreasing amplitude fluctuations on the chart. The market "calms down" and the price forms fluctuations decreasing in amplitude on the chart. At the same time, there is usually a decrease in volatility and trading volume.

Corridor - see consolidation.

Short position - see shorts

Correction, pullback is a price movement directed in the opposite direction from the main or prevailing price movement. As a rule, pullbacks are accompanied by a decrease in volume (trading activity). Correction is, as a rule, a counter-trend of a smaller scale within the main trend of a larger scale.

Quotation - current price of the exchange instrument. The price of the last concluded deal is taken as a basis. A more specialised term. A simpler term - "rate" - may be used in common usage. Quotes are also sometimes used to refer to historical data of price changes.

Bigfoot - (slang) is a collective name for large market operators. Wyckoff used the term "composite operator".

Cross-rate- quotes of currencies that do not contain the U.S. dollar. For example, AUD/JPY.

Crypto - cryptocurrency, cryptocurrency market.

Rate- see quote. 

Puppeteer, dollmaker is a major player in the stock (currency, derivatives or other) market who is often suspected of price manipulation.

Puppeteering - manipulate prices, lure traders into traps, knock down (take out) stops.

The kitchen - a dealing centre with a dubious reputation.

Cash - (from English "cash" - cash) - cash money. Usually refers to free capital available for exchange transactions.

Leverаge - See Shoulder.

Ribbon prints - a tool for analysing trades that have just been made. It allows you to monitor what is happening "here and now". Example - Smart Tape module from the ATAS trading platform.



Liquidity - As for the market, the term implies its popularity. The more transactions on the market, the more traders on the market, and the smaller the difference between counter bids - the higher the liquidity of the market, stock, futures. 

Liquidation - forced closing of a position. This unpleasant event occurs when a trader runs out of funds to secure his position. Sometimes it can mean a complete loss of the account. Sometimes - partial. Depending on the exchange, broker and trading conditions.

Limit order- A limit order is an order that is executed at the price specified in it. It can be executed at the best price, but not worse. A limit order can be either a buy or a sell order. It can be set above and below the current rate. 

Limits - term from the QUIK platform, means own cash funds.

Line chart-- a price movement graph plotted as a curved line.

Trendline- A segment, ray, or continuous line drawn through price extremes on a chart. The trend line is an important level of resistance or support. It helps to find the moments of opening/closing a position, and to judge the strength/weakness of the market, change of mood. It is one of the cornerstone terms of technical analysis.

Lockout - opening a position opposite to the existing one in the same volume. This is allowed in forex. If a trader has an open buy and opens a sell. This is a kind of hedging. Locking (stand in lock) is usually used to lock in a floating loss. Locking in the stock market is not possible for ordinary traders. If you bought an asset on an official exchange, you can only sell it and lock in the result of the transaction.

Long- availability of previously purchased securities with the purpose of their further resale at a higher price.

Longoose (slang) - a trader who has a long position

Loss- loss on the deal.

Lot- is the unit of transaction.

Low- is the minimum price (low). To catch the low means to buy at the minimum price.

Majority shareholders - influential owners of the company's shares, who are usually members of its Board of Directors. They can participate in making important decisions, have access to internal information, and have a strong voice at shareholder meetings.

Mamba - Moscow Exchange, MICEX, MOEX - Moscow Exchange.

Money management- capital management system. It includes correct calculation of the working volume, the number of simultaneously opened positions, acceptable risks (drawdowns), target benchmarks, etc.

Market maker - we have a special article on market makers.

Margin lending - a way to buy more on the stock exchange than you can afford. It's also a way to sell securities you don't own. Thanks to the margin lending service that your broker (or exchange) provides you, you can trade for $1,000 with only $200-300 in your account. This allows you to increase your earnings, but it also carries corresponding risks.

Margincall- a margin call occurs when the value of an investor's margin account (that is, the account that holds securities purchased with borrowed money) falls below the broker's required amount. A margin call is a request by the broker that the investor immediately deposit additional money to secure their position.

Market order, trade with market orders - an order to buy/sell immediately an exchange instrument at the best current market price. Aggressive type of trading, characterised by a more decisive, dominant side of the market.

MA - see mooving

Bear - a market participant (in the broad sense - any seller) who is determined to reduce prices. He either already has a short position (has already sold) or is about to open it, intending to benefit from a possible price decline.

Bear market - a market dominated by sellers. It is characterised by a downward trend, supply exceeds demand.

Mechanical trading - an algorithm for trading on the stock exchange without the use of subjective decisions. Usually it is a clear automated trading strategy developed for robots.

Minority shareholders - are shareholders who own small blocks of shares in a company. As a rule, they are not members of the Board of Directors and hold shares for investor or speculative purposes.

Moving - (moving average) moving average indicator. The average price value for a selected period of time. There are several types of moving average calculations - simple, exponential and others.

flapper - myfxbook website

Dealing - someone big enters the market

Non-market quotation - A quote that is out of the general current context. Can form a significant gap in price, with subsequent return to the previous level. As a rule, non-market quotes are the result of a technical failure.

Oil - a collective name for shares of oil companies, used on the Russian stock market

Bond - (from Latin obligatio - obligation) - a debt security. Its owner has the right to receive from the issuer of the bond its nominal value in money or in the form of another asset. Bonds have an expiry date and interest.

Volume- an indicator of trading activity. Can be calculated in contracts, money, ticks. It can be calculated both for a unit of time (for example, volume for 1 hour) and used for non-standard types of charts. An increase in volume in the direction of price movement usually shows the strength of this movement. Volume analysis is an important part of knowledge for traders.

Oscillator- A type of indicators of thechanalysis, they show overbought and oversold zones. As a rule, they are displayed in the form of bar charts or a curved line and are located below the price chart.

Option - (from Latin optio - choice, desire, discretion) - a contract under which a potential buyer or potential seller of an asset (commodity, security) receives the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell at a predetermined price. 

Application - see order.

Rollback - insignificant in time and length decrease in price after growth. And a small intermediate growth after a prolonged fall.

Rebound - price rise, usually after touching a support level.

Stand down - most likely a reverse bounce. Price decline, as a rule, after touching the resistance level.

Limit order, - a request to make a deal on certain conditions. For example. having set a pending (limit) order to buy when the price reaches xxx level, the trader can distract from the monitor, but the deal will be concluded automatically.

Open a long position - buy a stock, futures or other exchange-traded asset.

Open a short position- to sell a stock, futures or other exchange-traded asset.

Open position - Enter the market. Buy or sell a stock, futures or other exchange-traded asset. English: Take a position. 

Open interest - read our another article

Offer - the same as Ask (from English "offer" - to offer). For example, the phrase "Buy Offer" means that there is an aggressive buyer on the market.

Pattern (pattern) - a repeating pattern in price dynamics.

Unit Investment Fund (UIF) - method of investment. The money of the fund participants is accumulated and invested in valuable exchange-traded assets.

Flip over(Reverse) - to change position to the opposite position. If you were buying, you're selling. And vice versa.

Overbought- the market is overheated. It is in such a state when prices are too high. Then the probability of their reduction increases.

Oversold- the market is panicking. It is in a state when prices are too low. Then the probability of their increase increases.

Floating profit (Floating profit (floating loss) is the same as "paper" profits and losses. These are still unrecorded results of trading activity. 

By market - See. "market order"

Takeover - read the article on takeovers

Ordinance - see order.

Breakthrough, breakout - price overcoming significant levels (support/resistance lines, trend lines, etc.). Breakouts can be false and genuine. Genuine breakouts lead to significant trends.

Market Profile - an important tool for analysing volumes. 

Saw - sideways movement in a range, a dull market without a pronounced trend, with periodic price drops up or down (traps) and subsequent return to the range.

PIPS- the minimum step of change in the price of an exchange asset.

plank - the maximum limit of price change during a trading session set by the Exchange. Once the limit is reached, trading may be suspended for a period of time.

Shoulder - a loan provided by a broker as part of margin lending. For example, 1:5 leverage means that a trader can buy 5 times more shares in the stock market than his deposit actually allows him. Brokers use the leverage service to attract clients.

Position - open transaction

Position trader - A trader who holds positions for a long time. Investment style. The lifetime of a trade is a year or more.

Catch- to make a successful stock exchange transaction. For example, to buy at a low, or to sell before a fall. 

Catch a moose - to close the position at the stop loss.

Portfolio - is a set of exchange-traded assets. For example, open positions in different markets, and free cash on the account. 

Support- support level - a significant level at which the price usually slows down and starts to grow. 

By market - buy/sell immediately at the market price. At the same time liquidity is withdrawn from the exchange stack.

fix - fix losses / profits, close positions.

Forecast - a judgement about the likely future price movement. Forecasts are based on technical analysis and fundamental factors. 

Slippage- is the difference between the price at the moment of sending an order and the price at which the order will be executed. Slippage is most characteristic of turbulent markets, when there are sharp price spikes and an influx of orders from traders. Usually, orders take longer to execute and are not executed as desired. 

Slippage - a situation when the quote changes so rapidly that it seems to "jump" the price of your protective stop order. Then the stop order will be executed at a different price than planned.

Professional market participants - organisations whose task is to ensure the functioning of the securities market. 

Profit - gainz

Prefs - preference shares.

Reaction - usually a temporary price decline after an up-trend.

Regulatory structures - government organisations that provide control and management of brokers, exchanges, issuers, traders, investors - all those involved in professional securities trading.

Risk management - a set of measures aimed at controlling and limiting losses and preserving capital. Mathematical models are used to achieve this goal. The more general term capital management is also used.

Re-Quote- is when a broker offers another quote at the moment of order execution. Requotes often occur during periods of accelerated movements in a turbulent market. Sometimes requotes bring even more profits. However, as a rule, the trader suffers additional losses. This is especially typical for kitchens, which benefit from closing a client's trade at the worst price.

Market bid - an order that will be executed on the exchange in full at the best available price. If you need to buy/sell as soon as possible - then send market orders. 

Size - the volume of an order, either a position or the market as a whole.

Reset - massive closing of positions.

Pig - a participant who often hesitates. "Should I long or short? Or wait?" Tends to make impulsive decisions under the influence of emotions. Because of this, he usually loses his deposit - "goes under the knife".

Swap- is a value that affects traders' open positions that are carried overnight. If a trader leaves a trade open for the next day, swaps - a fee for holding the position - will be charged when the trade is carried over. This fee is due to the increased risk that the broker bears by holding the trader's position. It exists both on the stock exchange and on the forex market.

Trade, trading operation - an action that a trader takes on the stock exchange. For example, buying/selling shares, closing a position. The transaction is the realisation of the trading plan.

Deal series - a sequence of trades. It is used for a sequence of trades with the same characteristics. For example - a series of 3 losing trades.

Drain, to merge - to lose the deposit (capital).

Advisor- Expert Advisor, trading robot, bot - a programme for automatic trading that works independently according to a predetermined algorithm. Other names: Expert Advisor, trading robot, mechanical trading system.

Signal, trading signal - an indication to make a deal on the stock exchange. Signals can be paid and free. They are intended for beginners or those who do not have time to observe and analyse the market. Example of a signal - buy EURUSD now, stop - YYY, target - ZZZ.

Sitting on the fence- to be square is to be out of the market.

Sipa (sip) - S&P agency or the S&P index of the American stock market.

Systematic trading - trading according to the strategy, with a clear adherence to the trading plan.

Scalper - (from amer. stock jarg. "scalper") - a trader who is engaged in scalping. 

Scalping- scalping is a type of trading aimed at making profits from short-term buy and sell operations in popular markets. The duration of a typical scalper's trades ranges from a few seconds to several minutes.

Sliding stop (Trailing Stop-Loss) - used to protect capital from indirect losses associated with the "evaporation" of profits; in other words, a trailing stop allows profits to grow and limits their "evaporation" at a certain level. It is used for profit management, a kind of stop-loss, an order for successive automatic fixation of growing profit on an open position in case of a favourable price movement. The desired level of restriction is set and the programme moves it independently. Trailing stop is set for an open position and works only when the terminal is switched on.

Resistance- resistance level - a significant level at which the price usually slows down and starts to fall. 

Fair- value of a share is the estimated value of a share aimed at understanding its intrinsic real value. Various fundamental, market, income or asset-based approaches are used to calculate fair price.

Spread- is the difference between the best bid price and the best ask price. In other words, the distance between the nearest ask and bid. Small spreads are characteristic of popular, liquid markets. 

Spot- spot market - (from English spot market, cash market) - a market where real goods are traded with subsequent delivery.

Derivatives market- is a market of derivative financial instruments. Futures, options, swaps are traded here.

Beaker- DOM - Depth of market - a queue of orders in the stock exchange terminal, where the existing, placed orders from stock exchange traders are visible. 

Stop Loss - a protective order designed to help stop losses. It is used to strictly limit possible capital losses in case the market has gone the wrong way.

Stochastic, Mahastik, Blochastik - indicator of thechanalysis, stochastic oscillator.

Target - price movement target, take profit target.

Load - to buy.

Telecoms - shares of companies from the telecoms sector. Applies to the Russian stock market.

Technical analysis, techanalysis is a stock exchange science, it is a set of methods and ways of analysing price. The goal of thechanalysis is to determine the price movement that is more likely to occur.

Technical Analyst, a technician is a specialist who studies and uses technical analysis.

Take Profit or target (Profit Target, Take profit) - price value at which the planned profit fixing takes place. It is used for capital management.

Push - to make the price move upwards. For example, when demand exceeds supply - they say "buyers push the price higher". 

Trade idea - the design of an exchange operation (strategy) aimed at making a profit.

A trading plan is a systematic method for identifying and trading securities that takes into consideration a number of variables including time, risk and the investor’s objectives

Trading session - the period during which trading on exchanges takes place. For example, on MICEX the trading session starts at 10:00 and ends at 18:45.

Trading system- trading, in which transactions are made on the basis of formulated rules. 

Trading range- the distance between the lowest (low) and the highest (high) price for a certain period (a day). Or - a limited range within which the price fluctuates.

Trading terminal, platform, trade terminal - software for analysing the market and making transactions. An advanced platform gives a competitive advantage in trading on the stock exchange. 

Trade, circle - two opposite transactions that have produced a financial result. Thus, in order to make a trade, it is necessary to make a small cycle (circle) - first buy and then sell. 

Trend - a steady price movement that has a directional character. A trend can be upward (bullish) and downward (bearish, falling market). How to recognise a trend day.

Trader - a specialist who trades financial instruments on the stock exchange. He can buy and sell securities both in the interests of clients and in his own interests. As a rule, a trader acts on the basis of a developed strategy.

Trading - trading on the stock exchange. Trading directly means analysing the current market situation, concluding trade deals, and following the rules of risk management.

Trailing stop- see trailing stop. 

Crowd - a term that generalises the mass of novice and small traders. They tend to act on emotions.

Shareholding manager - A professional financier, a legal or natural person whose job is to manage a portfolio of stocks.

Averaging- to add to an already open position. As a rule, these are actions according to the Martingale method - for example, if you have a losing buy for 1 lot, and the price went lower - then, to average out, you need to buy 2 lots even cheaper, and get back at the subsequent growth. And if the price goes even lower - buy 4. This strategy often leads to a deposit drain.

Fibonacci, Fiba is a thechanalysis tool, an indicator based on Leonardo Fibonacci numbers. 

Flat - (from English "flat") - flat, sluggish and calm market. The price moves in a narrow price range for a long time. In such a market trend systems give losses. 

Stock market - is an exchange market where transactions with securities such as shares, bonds, units are made. For example, the stock section of the Moscow Exchange.

Forex- is an over-the-counter transaction market where currency trading takes place

Formalised trading - trading system

Fundamental analysis- an approach to assessing the market, industry, economy. It includes a set of methods for analysing macro and microeconomic data, comparing them with each other, as well as financial analysis. 

Fundamental analyst - a specialist who analyses fundamental factors, data, statistics. 

Footprint - (footprint - from English "footprints") - a cluster chart. Footprint is the most modern type of stock chart.

Futures- a derivative financial instrument. 

Peak- is the maximum price (high). For example, the daily high is the maximum price for the day, at which a deal was made. To catch the high - to conclude a deal at the maximum price.

Hedging - a way to hedge against an unfavourable scenario. 

Securities- financial instrument is something that is traded on an exchange. It can be a share, a bond, a futures contract.

Short, Shorting, Shorting, Shorting, Short position - (from the English "short position") - a selling operation. If you see that the price is ready to fall, you can even sell assets that you do not own (borrowed from a broker). You short the market, with the goal of buying back the stock later at a lower price and making money on the difference. A downside play.

Short squeeze, shortcovering - closing short positions in a bull market at any price. This process strengthens the upward momentum even more.

Issuer - the organisation that issued the securities. For example, AAPL issued shares for XXX dollars. The issuer can also be the government.

Expiration - is the expiry date of the contract. As a rule, it is a futures contract. This is the date on which obligations are due, settlement and/or delivery of the asset.

Juric - legal entity.

Japanese candles, candlestick chart, candlestick chart is the chart type most popular among traders. 

Yarde - one billion.